Cost of care pathways before and after appropriate and inappropriate transfers to the emergency department among nursing home residents: results from the FINE study.

BACKGROUND: Transfers of nursing home (NH) residents to the emergency department (ED) is frequent. Our main objective was to assess the cost of care pathways 6 months before and after the transfer to the emergency department among NH residents, according to the type of transfer (i.e. appropriate or inappropriate). METHODS: This was a part of an observational, multicenter, case-control study: the Factors associated with INappropriate transfer to the Emergency department among nursing home residents (FINE) study. Sixteen public hospitals of the former Midi-Pyrénées region participated in recruitment, in 2016. During the inclusion period, all NH residents arriving at the ED were included. A pluri-disciplinary team categorized each transfer to the ED into 2 groups: appropriate or inappropriate. Direct medical and nonmedical costs were assessed from the French Health Insurance (FHI) perspective. Healthcare resources were retrospectively gathered from the FHI database and valued using the tariffs reimbursed by the FHI. Costs were recorded over a 6-month period before and after transfer to the ED. Other variables were used for analysis: sex, age, Charlson score, season, death and presence inside the NH of a coordinating physician or a geriatric nursing assistant. RESULTS: Among the 1037 patients initially included in the FINE study, 616 who were listed in the FHI database were included in this economic study. Among them, 132 (21.4%) had an inappropriate transfer to the ED. In the 6 months before ED transfer, total direct costs on average amounted to 8,145€ vs. 6,493€ in the inappropriate and appropriate transfer groups, respectively. In the 6 months after ED transfer, they amounted on average to 9,050€ vs. 12,094€. CONCLUSIONS: Total costs on average are higher after transfer to the ED, but there is no significant increase in healthcare expenditure with inappropriate ED transfer. Support for NH staff and better pathways of care could be necessary to reduce healthcare expenditures in NH residents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02677272.

The Cost-Effectiveness of Three Prevention Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: Results from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT).

BACKGROUND: To date, no curative treatment is available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, efforts should focus on prevention strategies to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of three preventive strategies for AD compared to a placebo. DESIGN: The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) study was a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled superiority trial with four parallel groups, including three intervention groups (one group with Multidomain Intervention (MI) plus a placebo, one group with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PFA), one group with a combination of PFA and MI) and one placebo group. SETTING: Participants were recruited and included in 13 memory centers in France and Monaco. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling subject aged 70 years and older were followed during 3 years. INTERVENTIONS: We used data from the MAPT study which aims to test the efficacy of a MI along PFA, the MI plus a placebo, PFA alone, or a placebo alone. MEASUREMENT: Direct medical and non-medical costs were calculated from a payer's perspective during the 3 years of follow-up. The base case incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) represents the cost per improved cognitive Z-score point. Sensitivity analyses were performed using different interpretation of the effectiveness criteria. RESULTS: Analyses were conducted on 1,525 participants. The ICER at year 3 that compares the MI + PFA and the MI alone to the placebo amounted to €21,443 and €21,543 respectively, per improved Z score point. PFA alone amounted to €111,720 per improved Z score point. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that ICERS of PFA combined with MI and MI alone amounted to €21,443 and €21,543 respectively per improved Z score point compared to the placebo and are below the WTP of €50,000 while the ICER of PFA alone amounted to €111,720 per improved Z score point. This information may help decision makers and serve as a basis for the implementation of a lifetime decision analytic model.

Evaluation of the quality of life of pregnant women from 2005 to 2015.

Over the past two decades, quality of life has become an essential preoccupation in the care of patients. Many measuring instruments are available to assess physical, psychological and social quality of life. These tools allow healthcare professionals to determine the best quality of their patients. However, the quality of life for the pregnant woman seems to be little studied. This article presents the results of a bibliographic review of publications between 2005 and 2015 - referenced in PUBMED and COCHRANE - on the quality of life of pregnant women giving birth after the 22nd week of amenorrhea. The articles were selected by a reading committee. 195 publications responding to keywords were identified. 75 articles on the problem were selected. The main countries that have published on this subject are Iran (n=11) and Brazil (n=9). France ranks 17th with only one publication. 74% of articles deal with quality of life for pathological pregnancies (gestational or pre-existing pathologies). 23 pathologies were identified, mainly depression (20% of items). This review reveals a growing global interest in quality of life in pregnant women. However, few studies evaluate the impact of care in terms of quality of life in pregnant women, contrary to the recommendations of different health authorities. Finally, the analysis of the various articles shows that, in general, few measurements are made to evaluate the quality of life, not requiring a standardized curve of quality of life during pregnancy. There is thus a significant lack of data to establish a standardized curve for the quality of life of pregnant women, which allows a simple comparison of quality of life measures according to the different clinical management.

Hospital re-admission associated with adverse drug reactions in patients over the age of 65 years.

CONTEXT: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are responsible for 5 % of hospital admissions, but hospital re-admission induced by ADRs remains poorly documented. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of hospital re-admission and the factors associated with re-admission in the patients over the age of 65 years. Secondary, we described the characteristics of cases of ADRs leading to re-admission for drugs other than chemotherapy agents. METHODS: Data were extracted from hospital discharge summaries provided by the Department of Medical Information of Toulouse University Hospital. All patients over the age of 65 years admitted to the hospital in 2010 for an ADR, identified from ICD-10 codes, were selected. All subsequent admissions of members of this cohort within 1 year of discharge following the index admission were reviewed retrospectively. The risk factors associated with hospital re-admission for ADRs were analyzed. Medical records were used for descriptive analysis of re-admission due to drugs other than chemotherapy agents. RESULTS: We found that 553 of the 1000 patients admitted for ADRs in 2010 were re-admitted to hospital within 1 year. Among them, 87 cases were re-admitted for ADRs (estimated rate of 87/1000 re-admission for an ADR within 1 year). A comparison of the patients re-admitted for ADRs (n = 87) with those of patients re-admitted for other causes (n = 410) suggested that only cancer increased the risk of re-admission for ADRs (OR = 7.69 [4.59-12.88] 95 % CI). ADRs due to the same drug combination were the suspected cause of repeat admission in half the cases (other than chemotherapy). Hospital re-admission was considered avoidable in four cases (22 %). CONCLUSION: This study shows an estimated rate of re-admission for an ADR around 87/1000 within 1 year, and the same drug combination were the suspected cause of repeat admission in half the cases. At least, 11 % of cases were avoidable.

Surgical site infection after valvular or coronary artery bypass surgery: 2008-2011 French SSI national ISO-RAISIN surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Multisite information regarding surgical site infection (SSI) rates for cardiac surgery programmes is not widely available. Ward characteristics that may affect outcomes have not been analysed previously. AIM: To determine individual- and ward-level factors associated with SSI occurrence after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valvular surgery. METHODS: A dataset from the French national SSI database ISO-RAISIN 2008-2011 was used. Only adult patients were included. A standardized questionnaire was completed for each patient who underwent surgery, and patients with and without SSI were characterized. Patients and ward risk factors for SSI were analysed using a multilevel logistic regression model with SSI as binary outcome (two levels: patient and ward). RESULTS: Out of 8569 patients from 39 wards, the SSI rate was 2.2%. Micro-organisms were isolated in 144 patients (74%): 35% coagulase-negative staphylococci (N = 51), 23% Staphylococcus aureus (N = 33), 6% Escherichia coli (N = 8). Higher probability of SSI was associated with the duration of preoperative hospitalization, the duration of follow-up, the duration of surgery >75th percentile and the SSI rate in the surgery ward. The residual heterogeneity between wards (median odds ratio: 1.53) was as relevant as duration of preoperative hospitalization (odds ratio: 1.57). CONCLUSION: Although patient risk factors were more strongly associated with SSI occurrence, this study provided evidence for the existence of a ward-level effect. This should be taken into account when considering possible corrective interventions.

[Urinary tract infections: Economical impact of water intake]. / Infections des voies urinaires : impact économique de la consommation d'eau.

BACKGROUNDS: This study aims to estimate the impact of preventing urinary tract infections (UTI), using a strategy of increased water intake, from the payer's perspective in the French health care system. METHODS: A Markov model enables a comparison of health care costs and outcomes for a virtual cohort of subjects with different levels of daily water intake. The analysis of the budgetary impact was based on a period of 5years. The analysis was based on a 25-year follow-up period to assess the effects of adequate water supply on long-term complications. RESULTS: The authors estimate annual primary incidence of UTI and annual risk of recurrence at 5.3% and 30%, respectively. Risk reduction associated with greater water intake reached 45% and 33% for the general and recurrent populations, respectively. The average total health care cost of a single UTI episode is €1074; for a population of 65 millions, UTI management represents a cost of €3.700 millions for payers. With adequate water intake, the model indicates a potential cost savings of €2.288 millions annually, by preventing 27 million UTI episodes. At the individual level, the potential cost savings is approximately €2915. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing urinary tract infections using a strategy of adequate water intake could lead to significant cost savings for a public health care system. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of such an approach.

[Cost-effectiveness of transurethral resection of the bladder with blue light in patients with non muscle invasive bladder cancer in France]. / Coût-efficacité de la résection transurétrale de vessie en lumière bleue chez les patients atteints d'un cancer de la vessie non infiltrant en France.

OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic diagnosis after instillation of hexylaminolevulinate (Hexvix(®)) during transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) helps in the detection of tumors and results in a reduction of recurrence. The medical and economic impact of fluorescence compared to conventional white light TURB needed to be analyzed in the French healthcare system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the medical and economic impact of the blue light TURB in the treatment of NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cost-utility model, based on data from the literature and expert opinions, combining a decision tree and a Markov model was used to simulate the initial management after a first TURB of all new patients diagnosed with symptoms consistent with NMIBC and outcomes at short and long terms. In this model, the initial TURB could be achieved either with fluorescence in addition to white light, or with white light only. The main criteria of the model was based on the quality adjusted life years (QALY). The economic evaluation focused on the direct costs. The test's results and costs were determined from diagnosis until death of patients. RESULTS: The use of photodynamic diagnosis during TURB resulted in an improvement in QALYs (0.075) and a reduction of € 670 of the costs compared to the conventional treatment with white light. Thus, the blue light resection was defined as a strategy called "dominant" over the TURB in white light. CONCLUSION: In the context of the French health system, the model of the study showed that the blue light cystoscopy during TURB was associated with increased QALYs and reduced health spending. This kind of result is rare in oncology. This health economic analysis confirms the interest of hexylaminolevulinate acid in initial management of NMIBC, according to studies conducted in United Kingdom, Italy and Poland.

MAPT STUDY: A MULTIDOMAIN APPROACH FOR PREVENTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: DESIGN AND BASELINE DATA.

OBJECTIVE: The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT study) was designed to assess the efficacy of isolated supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid, an isolated multidomain intervention (consisting of nutritional counseling, physical exercise, cognitive stimulation) or a combination of the two interventions on the change of cognitive functions in frail subjects aged 70 years and older for a period of 3 years. Ancillary neuroimaging studies were additionally implemented to evaluate the impact of interventions on cerebral metabolism (FDG PET scans) and atrophy rate (MRIs), as well as brain amyloïd deposit (AV45 PET scans). DESIGN PATIENTS: 1680 subjects (mean age: 75.3 years; female: 64.8 %), enrolled by 13 memory clinics, were randomized into one of the following four groups: omega-3 supplementation alone, multidomain intervention alone, omega-3 plus multidomain intervention, or placebo. Participants underwent cognitive, functional and biological assessments at M6, M12, M24 and M36 visits. The primary endpoint is a change of memory function at 3 years, as assessed by the Free and Cued Selective Reminding test. All participants will be followed for 2 additional years after the 3-years intervention (MAPT PLUS extension study). INTERVENTIONS: 1/Omega-3 supplementation: two soft capsules daily as a single dose, containing a total of 400 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), i.e., 800 mg docosahexaenoic acid per day, for 3 years. 2/ Multidomain intervention: collective training sessions conducted in small groups (6-8 participants) in twelve 120-minute sessions over the first 2 months (two sessions a week for the first month, and one session a week the second month) then a 60-minute session per month in the following three areas: nutrition, physical activity, and cognition until the end of the 3 years. In addition to the collective sessions, individualized preventive outpatient visits exploring possible risk factors for cognitive decline are performed at baseline, M12 and M24. BASELINE POPULATION: For cognition, the mean MMSE at baseline was 28.1 (± 1.6). About 58% and 42% of participants had a CDR score equal to 0 and 0.5, respectively. Regarding mobility status, 200 (11.9%) had a 4-m gait speed lower or equal to 0.8 m/s. According to the Fried criteria, 673 (42.1%) participants were considered pre frail, and 51 (3.2%) frail. The red blood cell DHA content was 26.1 ± 8.1 µg/g. Five hundred and three participants underwent baseline MRI. AV45 PET scans were performed in 271 individuals and preliminary results showed that 38.0% had a cortical SUVR > 1.17, which gave an indication of significant brain amyloïd deposit. DISCUSSION: The MAPT trial is presently the first largest and longest multidomain preventive trial relevant to cognitive decline in older adults with subjective memory complaints. The multidomain intervention designed for the MAPT trial is likely to be easily implemented within the general population.

Healthcare cost impact of biological drugs compared with traditional systemic treatments in psoriasis: a cohort analysis in the French insurance database.

BACKGROUND: Biological drugs have dramatically improved the management of moderate to severe psoriasis. Little is known about their economic impact in daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the costs of biological drugs, in term of health resources consumption, and to compare it with costs induced by traditional systemic treatments. METHODS: This cohort study was built from the French health insurance database in the Midi Pyrénées area (2.8 million inhabitants, South West of France). We compared health care costs between 'exposed' patients treated with biological drugs (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab or ustekinumab) and 'unexposed' patients defined as patients who received traditional systemic treatments (phototherapy, acitretin, methotrexate or cyclosporin) during a 6-month period. RESULTS: A total of 1924 patients met the inclusion criteria. Sixty-nine patients were 'exposed', whereas 1855 patients were 'unexposed'. 'Exposed' patients had a mean total healthcare cost of 8107€ vs. 1678€ (P < 0.001) for 'unexposed' patients. They had higher costs concerning inpatient admission, medication and consultations including dermatology consultations, laboratory, non-medical care and transportation. Biological drug prescription was associated with an increase in the use of anti-infective drugs and with a reduction in the use of psychoactive drugs. CONCLUSION: The mean total health care expenditure in patients treated with biological drugs was five times higher as compared with patients treated with traditional systemic treatments. The limitation of the study is the short duration of follow-up comprising a loading dose period for some biological drugs. This may have contributed to an overestimation of drug-related costs.

Increased water intake as a prevention strategy for recurrent urolithiasis: major impact of compliance on cost-effectiveness.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the economic impact of preventing recurrent stones using a strategy of increased water intake and determined the impact of compliance on cost-effectiveness for the French health care system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Markov model was constructed to compare costs and outcomes for recurrent kidney stone formers with less than 2 L vs 2 L or more daily fluid intake. Model assumptions included an annual prevalence of 120,000 stone episodes in France, 14.4% annual risk of stone recurrence and a 55% risk reduction in subjects with adequate water intake. Costs were based on resource use as estimated by a panel of experts and official national price lists. Outcomes were from the perspective of the public health payer, and encompassed direct and indirect costs. RESULTS: The total cost of an episode of urolithiasis was estimated at €4,267 including the cost of treatment and complications. This corresponds to an annual budget impact of €88 million for recurrent stones based on 21,000 stone events. Assuming 100% compliance with fluid intake recommendations of 2 L daily, 11,572 new stones might be prevented, resulting in a cost savings of €49 million. Compliance with water intake in only 25% of patients would still result in 2,893 fewer stones and a cost savings of €10 million. Varying the costs of managing stones had a smaller impact on outcomes since in many patients stones do not form. Varying the incidence of complications did not change the incidence of stones and had a negligible effect on overall cost. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing recurrent urolithiasis has a significant cost savings potential for a payer as a result of a reduced stone burden. However, compliance is an important factor in determining cost-effectiveness.

Hepatitis B screening: who to target? A French sexually transmitted infection clinic experience.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health burden in France and worldwide. Routine screening for hepatitis B is not currently recommended in France. Medical experts and public health agencies opinions can differ concerning targeting criteria. Our study aims at developing a risk assessment strategy for identifying possible hepatitis B cases among the patients consulting in a French Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) clinic. METHODS: 6194 asymptomatic patients requesting an STI screening were also screened for hepatitis B infection. The association between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and/or total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) positivity and self-reported risk factors for hepatitis were analysed. RESULTS: Only male gender, lack of employment, and birth, in medium or high endemic country, were independently associated with HBsAg positivity in multivariate analysis. Sexual behaviour or self-reported vaccination status is therefore not necessary to target high-risk populations. These three simple criteria could save 25% of unnecessary tests and 6-16% undiagnosed hepatitis B compared to usual targeting criteria. CONCLUSIONS: To detect HBsAg carriers, only three simple targeting criteria, without taking into account the self-reported vaccination status or sexual behaviour, could improve screening efficiency and save unnecessary testing.

[Transurethral resection (TUR) in saline plasma vaporization of the prostate versus standard TUR of the prostate: an economic evaluation]. / Étude comparant les coûts hospitaliers de la résection monopolaire et de la vaporisation bipolaire de la prostate.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the hospital costs of the transurethral resection in saline plasma vaporization of the prostate (TURis-PVP) and the standard TUR of the prostate (TURP). BACKGROUND: their efficiency and short terms outcomes are similar. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In an observational retrospective and monocentric study, 86 consecutive patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were enrolled in two non randomized groups. TURP was performed in 44 cases and TURis-PVP in 42 cases. Patients with prostate cancer, urethral stenosis or bladder neck stenosis were not included. Hospital costs with a 3-month follow-up were measured using the database and hospital cost accounting system of the Medical Information Department. RESULTS: Patients from both series had similar preoperative characteristics concerning the age, ASA score, urologic history, and antithrombosis treatments. Catheterization period, complications and rehospitalisation rates were similar. With TURis-PVP, prostatic volume was larger (60±24mL vs. 42±16mL; P<0.05), hospital stay was shorter (4.0±2.8days vs. 4.4±2.1days; P<0.05), single-used materials costs were higher (332±64€ vs. 40±18€; P<0.05). The costs of the first hospitalization were 3721±843€ with TURis-PVP and were 3712±880€ with TURP (P=0.14). Global costs with a 3-month follow-up were 3867±1104€ with TURis-PVP and were 4074±1624€ with TURP (P=0.53). CONCLUSION: In this study, the costs for the hospital are lightly higher in TURis-PVP, due to single use systems, but there is no significant difference for global costs between TURP and TURis-PVP with a 3-month follow-up difference for the health care system.

[Stage IV NSCLC. Economic analysis in lung cancers]. / Les analyses économiques des cancers bronchopulmonaires (CBP).

OBJECTIVE: To explain the help of economic analyses in the understanding of lung cancer (LC) management with a description of the quality of selected papers. METHODS: In the first part, quality criteria of economic analyses are depicted with the key words for the literature selection. RESULTS: The global costs of LC through literature review are depicted; then, in a second part, the costs of each stage of the disease. Finally, costs of chemotherapeutic drugs and target molecules are also discussed. CONCLUSION: Economic analyses are unavoidable to assess the burden of the disease but also the cost of each management strategy for LC.

[The cost components of the management strategies for lung cancer in France]. / Les composantes du coût des stratégies de prise en charge du cancer du poumon en France.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the average cost of therapeutic strategies for the management of lung cancer in relation to histological type and diagnostic staging and of the individual components of the management strategy. METHODS: Samples were taken between 1 September 1998 and 30 June 1999 from centres with sufficient numbers of lung cancer (LC) cases. All events over an 18 Month period were collected from a retrospective analysis of the records. A Markov model was constructed based on decision branches for localised and diffuse small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several components of management were identified: first line treatment, second line treatment, observation, terminal care and death. RESULTS: The average cost of LC was 22,006 Euro (10,631-36,296) for one year and 25,643 Euro (10,631-46,191) for two years. For SCLC the average annual costs were 22,420 Euro for diffuse disease and 27,098 for localised disease. For NSCLC the totals ranged from 19,543 Euro for inoperable stage I and II tumours to 39,424 for operable tumours. The cost for stage IV tumours was 24,383 Euro. The cost components over two Years varied according to the tumour type. The cost of diagnosis ranged from 6-14%, the cost of management and of terminal care from 33-45% of the total. Analyses of sensitivity confirmed that whatever the histological type or diagnostic staging the percentage of patients initially treated actively (that is to say not by palliative care) had the greatest effect on the total cost, greater than the costs of terminal care and of two courses of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: This model has allowed for the first time the calculation of the contributions of the different therapeutic components to the total cost of the management of lung cancer in France. In the future it will allow analysis of the economic impact of new methods of treatment.

Economics of the clinical management of lung cancer in France: an analysis using a Markov model.

To evaluate, according to the histologic type and initial stage, the mean cost (MC) of managing patients with lung cancer and the costs of the different management phases. A Markov approach was used to model these costs, based on the management of a representative nation-wide sample of 428 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer. The 18-month MC ranged from US$ 20 691 (95% CI: 5777-50 380 for diffuse non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to US$ 31 833 (95% CI: 15 866-64 455) for localised small-cell lung cancer (SCLC); first-line treatment costs ranged from 33.8% of MC for medically inoperable localised NSCLC to 74.6% for diffuse SCLC; second- or third-line treatment costs ranged from 7.8% of MC for surgically treated localised NSCLC to 32% for locally advanced NSCLC; and the cost of palliative care ranged from 9.1% of MC for locally advanced NSCLC to 39.9% for medically inoperable localised NSCLC. The cost of first-line chemotherapy and the percentage of actively treated patients impacted more on MC than did the cost of second- or third-line chemotherapy regimens or the cost of palliative care. In conclusion, this model provides a robust economic analysis of the cost of lung cancer management, and will be useful for assessing the economic consequences of future changes in patient management.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of two strategies for typing unrelated donors for bone marrow transplantation in France.

Large Registries of HLA-typed potential volunteer donors have been set up in numerous countries to find HLA-matched unrelated bone marrow donors. This study compared two strategies medicoeconomically for HLA typing in the context of a bone marrow volunteer donor Registry. It investigated the cost-effectiveness of strategies before and after the French Registry was modified in January 1999: HLA- A, B typing only at registration and secondary HLA-DR typing on part of the Registry (AB strategy) vs. typing at once for HLA- A, B, and DR (ABDR strategy). The point of view considered was that of payers, French typing tariffs with a 5% discount rate were used, effectiveness was defined as identification of at least one donor with no HLA-A, B, DR incompatibilities for a given recipient (compatible potential donor), the observation period was 9 months, and the judgement criterion was the differential cost-effectiveness ratio. The ABDR strategy identified 94.7% (142/150) of compatible potential donors. The differential cost-effectiveness ratio between the two strategies was 387,005 francs (Euro 58,995) for one supplementary compatible potential donor. Compared with a "do nothing" policy, the ratio was 3,744,087 francs (Euro 570,745) for the AB strategy vs. 576,136 francs (Euro 87,826) for the ABDR strategy. The ABDR strategy is thus more effective but also more costly than the AB strategy. Nevertheless, because of its lower effectiveness and the size of available ABDR Registries, the AB strategy will become obsolete.

[Cost-effectiveness in diagnosis and treatment of carcinomas of unknown primary origin]. / Analyse Coût/efficacité de la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique des carcinomes d'origine indéterminée.

The aim was to compare, in terms of cost-effectiveness, two diagnostic strategies for finding out the primary site of tumors revealed by metastasis, adopting the hospital's perspective. The observed strategy reflected the usual practices of doctors at the Regional Cancer Center in Toulouse (France), and was based on a sample of 202 patients of this Center. The standardized strategy, which reflected limited diagnostic investigation, was simulated using the same sample of patients to whom we applied the recommendations of local experts. In the low assumption regarding the effectiveness of the standardized strategy, the observed strategy compared to the standardized one raised the life expectancy from 407 to 418 days at an incremental cost of $US 1,236 per patient (1996 values). In this case, one day of additional life induced a cost of $US 112 per patient. In the high assumption, the incremental effectiveness was null and the incremental cost was $US 1,236 per patient. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the observed strategy as compared to the standardized strategy was highly questionable, given that the patients' quality of life was not taken into account.

[Assessing the quality of patients' medical records at the Claudius-Regaud Institute]. / Evaluation de la qualité du dossier du patient a l'institut Claudius-Regaud.

In 1999, the Claudius-Regaud Institute of Toulouse, France, specialized in oncology, set up a workshop in order to assess the quality of its patients medical records. A retrospective evaluation was performed on a 100-chart-sample drawn from all the charts in the institution. Results show that the medical records are subdivised into three parts: medical care, nursing care and imaging. Some of the explored charts show a lack of data, and a certain inconsistency in the charts' organization and in the structure of information was reported. Patient's record is a key to communication between the different care providers in oncology. To improve its quality, efforts will have to be done in restructuring the charts, creating guidelines and training the different caregivers.

[Cancer of the prostate in France: results of the survey CCAFU-FRANCIM]. / Le cancer de la prostate en France: résultats de l'enquête CCAFU-FRANCIM.

OBJECTIVE: The management, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (PC) in the general population are poorly defined in France. The objective of this survey was to analyse the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of prostate cancer in 1995, on the basis of a population derived from 4 French cancer registries. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A sample of 803 PCs diagnosed in 1995 were selected at random from the cases listed in the 4 registries (Bas-Rhin, Calvados, Isère and Tarn). Analysis by questionnaire concerned the modalities of diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and the treatment performed. Clinical stage (TNM 1992) was submitted to centralized coding. Logistic regression was used to quantify the various practices, taking into account the patient's age, PSA level and clinical stage. The probability of receiving each treatment modality was studied by using the same clinical determinants. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 71.6 years (range: 46-94). The clinical stage was T1 or T2 in 60% of cases, T3 or T4 in 14% of cases and N+ or M+ in 17% of cases. PSA (median: 18.2 ng/ml) was assayed in 92.4% of cases. The diagnosis was established by biopsy in 63% of cases and by endoscopic resection (TURP) in 32% (5% unknown). The main treatments were: radical prostatectomy (RP): 21.9%, radiotherapy: 19.4%, endocrine therapy: 33%, isolated TURP: 16.3%, conservative management: 6% and unspecified treatment: 5.6% of cases. 31% of cases received combinations of various treatment modalities. RP was performed more frequently in patients over the age of 60 years, for T2 tumours (OR: 3.3) and for 4 < PSA < 20 ng/ml. Radiotherapy tended to be reserved for older patients with T3-T4 tumours and 20 < PSA < 50 ng/ml. The frequency of endocrine therapy increased with age and PSA (> 50 ng/ml). The frequency of TURP and surveillance also increased with age, decreased with high PSA and essentially concerned T1 tumours. CONCLUSION: PC was diagnosed relatively early in France in 1995 with clinically localized tumours in 60% of cases. In this survey, 94% of patients received treatment during the year following diagnosis, with 40% of curative treatments and 31% of combined treatments.